The laboratories are well equipped with modern training facilities that cater to the requirements of the University syllabus as well as to architect the learning experience. The department plays a vital role in training the students of other branches of engineering as well.

The primary objective of the lab is to serve as a platform for understanding the operating principles of basic devices like diodes and transistors through experiments and also to study their characteristics.

1. V-I characteristics of semiconductor diodes
   1. Point contact diode
   2. Zener diode
   3. PN Junction diode
2. Characteristics of BJT in CB configuration
   1. Determination of input and output characteristics
   2. Determination of voltage gain, current gain, input and output resistances from the characteristics
3. Characteristics of BJT in CE configuration
   1. Determination of input and output characteristics
   2. Determination of voltage gain, current gain, input and output resistances from the characteristics
4. Characteristics of JFET
   1. Determination of output and transfer characteristics
   2. Determination of pinch off voltage, rd, gm and µ from the characteristics
5. Characteristics of MOSFET
   1. Determination of output and transfer characteristics
   2. Determination of rd, gm and µ from the characteristics
6. Characteristics of SCR and TRIAC
7. Characteristics of UJT
   1. Determination of intrinsic standoff ratio
8. Characteristics of photonic devices
   1. Determination of V-I characteristics of LED
   2. Determination of V-I and intensity characteristics of phototransistor
9. Clipper circuits using diodes
   1. Positive, negative, biased and combinational clippers
10. Switching circuit
    1. AND and OR logic gates using diodes
    2. NOT gate using transistor

The students are offered hands-on experience in designing, constructing and testing the analog electronics circuits. The students design the circuits, solder them and then test the performance experimentally. This lab nurtures all the skills that are essential to design and test advanced electronics and communication circuits. The students also validate the experimental results using PSpice computer simulator.

• Voltage series feedback amplifiers
• Voltage shunt feedback amplifiers
• Hartley oscillators
• Colpitts oscillators
• RC phase shift oscillators
• Wein bridge oscillators
• Clipper and clampers
• UJT relaxation oscillator
• Bistable multivibrator
• Monostable and astable multivibrator
• Bootstrap sweep generator
• Schmitt trigger
• Class A amplifier
• Class B complementary symmetry power amplifier

1. AM modulator and demodulator
   1. To construct AM modulator and demodulator circuit and & to trace message, carrier, modulated and demodulated signal.
   2. To determine the modulation index of AM by classical method and trapezoidal method.
2. FM modulator and demodulator
   1. To construct frequency modulator and demodulator circuit and to trace message, carrier, modulated and demodulated signal.
3. Sample hold and PAM
   1. To construct sample and hold circuit and to trace the message and sample and hold signal.
   2. To construct PAM circuit and to trace the input and PAM signal.
4. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
   1. To construct pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit and to determine frequency response.
5. Tuned and wideband amplifiers
   1. To construct tuned and wideband amplifiers and to determine the frequency response.
6. Frequency mixer and ring modulator
   1. To construct a frequency mixer and to test its operation.
   2. To construct a ring modulator and to trace the DSB-SC waveform.
7. Simple and delayed AGC
   1. To construct simple and delayed with and without AGC circuit and to test its impact.
8. PWM and PPM
   1. To construct PWM and PPM circuit and trace the output waveforms.
9. TDM
   1. To construct TDM circuit and to trace the multiplexed and de-multiplexed waveform.
10. Simulation of AM, FM, PAM, PWM and PPM
    1. To simulate AM modulator and demodulator using PSPICE/EWB and to trace the time domain and frequency domain signal.
    2. To simulate Direct and Indirect FM generation and detection using MATLAB and to trace the time domain and frequency domain waveform.
    3. To simulate PAM, PWM and PPM circuits using PSPICE/EWB and to trace the time domain signal.
    4. To simulate PAM, PWM and PPM using MATLAB and to trace the time domain and frequency domain waveform.
11. Simulation of Pre-emphasis, De-emphasis, TDM and FDM
    1. To simulate TDM and FDM using PSPICE/EWB and to trace the multiplexed and de-multiplexed signal.
    2. To simulate Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis using PSPICE/EWB and to trace their characteristics.

1. Construct an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator and demodulator circuit. Obtain the ASK modulated and demodulated waveforms.
2. Construct a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulator and demodulator circuit. Obtain the FSK modulated and demodulated waveforms.
3. Construct a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulator and demodulator circuit. Obtain the BPSK modulated and demodulated waveforms.
4. To study the different line coding techniques
   1. NRZ unipolar format
   2. NRZ polar format
   3. NRZ bipolar format and
   4. Manchester format.
5. Construct a Pulse code modulator and demodulator circuit. Obtain the coded output for the given sine wave.
6. Construct a Delta modulator and demodulator circuit. Obtain the coded output for the given sine wave.
7. To design and construct DS-CDMA circuit and verify its operation. Obtain the DS-CDMA waveform.
8. Construct a time division multiplexing circuit to combine two different data streams onto a single channel by assigning time slots to each. Obtain the TDM output.
9. Construct a frequency synthesizer circuit using PLL for the given frequency. Obtain the synthesized waveform.
10. Simulate BASK, BFSK and BPSK circuits using MATLAB. Obtain the time domain and frequency domain response of the above modulation schemes. Compare its bit error performance.
11. Simulate M-ary ASK, FSK and PSK circuits for M = 2, 4,8,16 using MATLAB. Compare its bit error performance.
12. Implementation of data encryption and decryption using MATLAB.

The objective is to familiarize the students with microwave and optical communication Techniques/Technologies in microwave communication. The students study the operation and characteristics of microwave sources such as klystron and Gunn diodes, TEE junctions, load impedance and standing wave measurements, antenna gain and radiation pattern measurements. Optical communication deals with the study of the characteristics of the optical fibre and analog and digital fibre links using LED and LASER sources.

1. Reflex Klystron characteristics
2. Gunn diode characteristics
3. Determination of VSWR and impedance of unknown load
4. Radiation pattern measurement of antenna
5. Dielectric constant measurements
6. Characteristics of microwave components (Isolator, Circulator, E &H plane Tee)
7. Characteristics of microwave components (Magic tee, Directional coupler)
8. Study of optical fiber characteristics
   1. Frequency response
   2. Attenuation
   3. Coupling loss
   4. Numerical aperture
9. Study of TDM using optical kit and establishment of a digital link
10. Study of fiber fault characteristics using OTDR

The Lab is associated with a compulsory disciplinary course and serves to consolidate fundamental concepts in the field of Digital Electronics. The objective is to impart knowledge of the basic tools for the design of digital circuits and to provide methods and procedures suitable for a variety of digital design applications.

The lab is intended for practicing the theoretical knowledge by designing and understanding basic logic gates, adder, subtractor, multiplexers, counters, encoder, decoder. A clear understanding between the combinational as well as sequential digital circuits is understood.

1. Study of logic gates.
2. Study and implementation of half-adder, full-adder, half-subtract or and full-subtract or
3. Design and implementation of code converters
   1. BINARY to GRAY
   2. GRAY to BINARY
4. Design and implementation of code converters
   1. BINARY to EXCESS 3
   2. EXCESS 3 to BINARY
5. Implementation of Boolean Functions using NAND / NOR Logic gates
6. Study of Parity Generator
7. Study Design of Encoder Multiplexers
8. Study Design of Decoder DeMultiplexers
9. Design and implementation of magnitude comparator
10. Study of Flip Flops (RS, JK and D-types)
11. Study of Shift Registers in various Mode of operation
12. Design and implementation of Ring and Johnson Counters
13. Construction and Verification of 4 bit Ripple Counter and Mod 10/Mod Ripple Counter
14. Design and implementation of 3 bit Synchronous Up/Down Counter and BCD Counter
15. Study of Memory Chips

The lab envisages to provide an insight into the design of simple digital and analog systems using standard IC`s like 741, 555 as building blocks to build adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, filters, multi vibrators. Students choose the appropriate IC’s and design the systems.

1. Operational Amplifier Applications
   1. Inverting Amplifier, Non-Inverting Amplifier, Voltage Follower
2. Operational Amplifier Applications
   1. Summer, Subtactor
3. Differentiator Integrator
4. Comparator Circuits
   1. Schmitt Trigger, Zero Crossing Detectors,Window Detector
5. Monostable & Astable Multivibrator Using IC 741
6. Active Filters
7. Monostable & Astable Multivibrator Using IC 555
8. Digital to Analog Converter
   1. R-2RLadder DAC, Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
9. Successive Approximation Type ADC
10. Signal Converters
11. Frequency Synthesizer
12. Precision Rectifier
13. Instrumentation Amplifier

The lab helps to provide the depth knowledge about Microcontrollers and Micro processors architecture and it’s working. The 8085 and 8051 are taught to understand their use by means of performing basic arithmetic operations, analog to digital conversion, and digital to analog conversion using respective kits. It also provide about the interface with the peripheral devices to understand serial communication, LCD keypad interface and to control stepper motors using microcontrollers.

1. 8 bit and 16 bit Arithmetic Operations
2. Array operations
3. Bit Manipulation operations
4. Code conversions
5. Subroutines
6. Digital Clock simulation
7. Block operations

1. LCD interface
2. ADC /DAC interface
3. Stepper motor interface
4. Serial communication (kit-to-kit and/or pc-to-kit)
5. Watch dog timer
6. Real-time clock
7. Printer interfacing
8. Water level indicator
9. Traffic light controller
10. Elevator simulation
11. Pulse width modulation
12. Interfacing of relay switches

The lab is an advancement of the communication where the students perform experiments using advanced equipments such as the network analyzer, spectrum analyzer GPS Trainer and RCA (Radio Communication Analyzer).

1. Study of Microwave Communication Systems.
2. Spectral Analysis of Several Modulation Using Spectrum Analyzer.
3. Measurement of S/N and C/N Using Satellite Link Design
4. PC to PC Communication Link
5. Study of GPS Trainer Module
6. Radiation Pattern of Antennas
7. Transmission Line I and II
8. Design of Folded Dipole Using Spectrum Analyzer
9. Testing of Filters Using Network Analyzer
10. Measurement of Eye Pattern and BER
11. Study of Optical Fiber Events Using Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
12. Satellite Link, Optical Link design Using MATLAB

Different types of network elements like filters, attenuators and equalizers are constructed and tested to understand their working principles in time and frequency domains. Prototype transmission lines are analyzed to understand their time and frequency behavior.

1. Design of k type Low pass and high pass filters
   1. Frequency and phase response of the Low pass filter using Lumped elements.
   2. Frequency and phase response of the High pass filter using Lumped elements.
2. Design of k type Band pass and Band stop filters
   1. Frequency and phase response of the Band pass filter using Lumped elements.
   2. Frequency and phase response of the Band stop and notch filter using Lumped elements.
3. Design of m derived filters
   1. Frequency and phase response of the m derived low pass filter.
   2. Frequency and phase response of the m derived high pass filter.
4. Simulation of filters
   1. Design of LPF/HPF/BPF/BEF, T/π, constant – k/m derived /composite for the given cutoff frequency using MATLAB – phase and frequency response.
5. Design of switched Twin T network.
6. Frequency and phase response of a Twin T network.
7. Characteristics of Attenuators and Equalizers
   1. Measurement of attenuation of a transmission line for various lengths (like 25, 50, 75, 100 meters) – frequency response of the line at a fixed length.
   2. Study of frequency response of an equalizer that can boost or attenuate frequencies 50Hz, 1 KHz and 10 kHz.
8. Simulation of equalizer
   1. Design of an attenuator/phase equalizer and obtain the relevant responses.
9. Impedance (Z) and ABCD Parameters of a transmission line
10. Measurement of Z parameters of a transmission line constructed using Lumped elements.
11. Measurement of ABCD parameters of a transmission line constructed using Lumped elements.
12. Design of LC resonant circuit
    1. Frequency response – measurement of quality factor of a LC resonant circuit.
13. Characteristics of a low-loss transmission line
    1. Measurement of characteristic impedance of the twin pair transmission line.
    2. Measurement of capacitance and inductance per unit length of a coaxial cable.
    3. Measurement of voltage reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave ratio of a twin pair using VSWR meter.
14. Impedance matching on transmission line
    1. Maximizing the power across a given load connected to a twin pair transmission line using a single stub and smith chart analysis.
    2. Maximizing the power across a given load connected to a twin pair transmission line using a double stub and smith char.

The lab provides the knowledge about networking components and communication protocols.

1. Simulation of ON-OFF and voice traffic model
   a. To simulate the ON-off traffic model and plot the following waveform
   1. User numbers Vs ON period.
   2. Time slot Vs number of users.
   3. Time slot Vs bandwidth allotted.

   b. To simulate voice traffic model and obtain

   1. Time slot Vs bandwidth plot.
   2. Time slot Vs error plot.
   3. Average error rate.
   4. The optimum buffer size for which error rate will be less than stipulated value.
2. Simulation of data traffic and video traffic model
   a. To simulate the data traffic and multiple rate video traffic for multiple users and to obtain
   1. Time slot Vs bandwidth plot.
   2. Time slot Vs BER plot.
   3. The optimum buffer size for which error rate will be less than stipulated value.
3. Simulation of ISDN traffic model
   a. To simulate the ISDN traffic model for multiple users and to obtain
   1. Time slot VS bandwidth plot.
   2. Time slot Vs BER plot.
   3. Time slot Vs un-served video user.
   4. Time slot Vs un-served data user.
4. PN sequence generation and testing
   a. To generate maximal and non maximal length PN sequence and test its randomness properties.
5. M/M/I queuing model
   a. To simulate M/M/I queuing model and obtain
   1. Time slot Vs packet loss plot.
   2. Maximum and average packet loss without buffer.
   3. Buffer size for the given loss.
   4. Maximum and average packet loss with buffer.
   b. M/G/I and G/G/I queuing model.
   1. To simulate a M/G/I and G/G/I queuing model and obtain
   2. Time slot Vs packet loss plot.
   3. Maximum average packet loss without buffer.
   4. Buffer size for the given loss.
   5. Maximum and average packet loss with buffer.
6. Encryption and decryption
   a. To simulate and test the following encryption and decryption algorithm.
   1. Mono alphabetic cipher- caeser cipher.
   2. Poly alphabetic cipher- Trithemius key, Vigenere key, Vigenere plain and cipher key.
   3. RSA with and without digital signature.
7. Flow control
   a. To simulate and test
   1. Stop and wait protocol
   2. Go back N protocol
   3. Selective repeat protocol
8. Error control protocol
   a. To simulate and test
   1. Cyclic redundancy check
   2. Hamming code
   1. To simulate and test
   2. Shortest path routing algorithm
   3. Hierarchical routing algorithm
9. Generation of PDF
   a. To study, generate and trace the following PDF
   1. Gaussian distribution v. Binomial distribution
   2. Uniform distribution vi. Negative binomial distribution
   3. Exponential distribution vii. Gamma distribution
   4. Rayleigh distribution viii. Poisson distribution
10. Wireless LAN
    a. To establish wireless LAN test bed (or) wireless LAN environment and perform
    1. Uni-cast
    2. Multicast
    3. File transfer protocol